Sunday, October 08, 2006

The truth about quantization of Planck constants

The development of ideas about quantization of Planck constants has been a trial-and-error process which only a person like me possessing an exceptionally fuzzy and pathologically associative brain function could go through. I however try to be honest and I can convinve the reader that there is no danger that reading the scandalous truth could infect the brain of reader with the same intolerable fuzziness.

The moment of truth

  1. The big idea was that the claims for the Bohr quantization of planetary radii with a gigantic value of Planck constant (called cautiously gravitational Planck constant at that stage) could be understood as a genuine quantization of Planck constant for dark matter serving as a template for ordinary matter. Recall that Nottale had already proposed effective quantization based on hydrodynamics. As a warm up exercise I went on to propose a rather complex and wrong formula for the gravitational Planck constant in terms of Beraha numbers Bn= 4cos2(π/n) assignable to quantum phases q=exp(iπ/n). The inspiration came from Jones inclusions which I believed to relate closely to the quantization.

  2. Soon I realized that the formula for Planck constant does not really work. Anyonic arguments based on the idea that Riemann surface like coverings of M4 are involved, led to an extremely simple formula for h as h=n×h0.

  3. It became also clear that as far Lie algebras of symmetries are considered, there are actually two Planck constants corresponding to Lie-algebra commutators associated with M4+/- and CP2 degrees of freedom and that these Planck constants would correspond to Jones inclusions of Clifford subalgebras identifiable in terms of gamma matrix algebras for the world of classical worlds consisting of 3-surfaces in H. These inclusions are characterized by subgroups Ga of SU(2) subset SL(2,C) and Gb of SU(2) subset SU(3). These discrete groups define orbifold coverings of M4+/- by Gb related CP2 points and vice versa so that a generalization of the notion of imbedding space emerges.

    It also became clear that one must glue various copies of imbedding space along M4+/- in the case that Gb is same for two copies and vice versa. This generalization was easy to discover since also the p-adic variants of the imbedding space are glued together in same manner along common rational and algebraic points making it possible to fuse real and various p-adic physics to single coherent whole. Now this fusion has reached a rather concrete form and involves a lot of fascinating number theory, in particular Riemann Zeta.

    To be honest, I tried to cheat here;-). It took some time to realize that strictly speaking it is M4+/- rather than M4 whose coverings are involved but I could argue that this is just an inaccurate use of language. Sincerely, in the middle of a flood of ideas rusing through your head you do not notice this kind of details.

  4. It became also clear that the covariant metric of M4+/- must be proportional to nb2 and that of CP2 proportional to na2. Here na is the order of maximal cyclic subgroup of Ga and nb the order of maximal cyclic subgroup of Gb.

  5. By an anyonic argument Planck constants are given by h(M4+/-)=na h0. For some time I however believed that h(M4+/-)=nb h0 so that Schrödinger equation would be invariant under phase transition changing the Planck constants in an obvious contradiction with the the quantization of planetary orbits requiring gigantic Planck constant(!).

  6. There was also the characteristic fuzziness in the identification of the observed Planck constant. As one might guess, I made first the wrong identification as h(M4+/-) although I had realized from the beginning that only the ratio na/nb appears in the Kähler action and that the natural interpretation for the nonlinearity is a universal geometric coding of radiative corrections to the induced geometry of the space-time sheet via the nonlinear dependence on the induced metric. Therefore the only sensible conclusion would have been that the observed Planck constant is given by heff/h0= na/nb! This predicts that Planck constant can in principle have all rational values: both larger and smaller than the value for the ordinary matter.

  7. In the middle of this flux of good and bad ideas emerged also the hypothesis that the preferred values of na and nb correspond to integers defining n-polygons constructible using ruler and compass alone. The motivation was that quantum phases are expressible in this case using only iterated square rooting of rationals so that number theoretically (and thus cognitively) simple levels of hierarchy of algebraic extensions of p-adic number fields expected to be abundant in cosmos would be in question. One would have nF= 2ks;Fs, where Fs =22s +1 are Fermat primes. The known Fermat primes are 3,5,17,257, and 216+1. This would mean that the preferred values of heff are given as ratios of these integers. In living matter the fractal hierarchy nF=211k seems to be favored and the number 211 corresponds to a fundamental dimensionless constant in TGD.
And now a desperate attempt to defend myself

After having revealed this scandalous multiple blundering process which has lasted two years I still dare to hope that reader has not made her final conclusions and is willing to listen my excuses. I sincerely hope that some examples about how the quantization of Planck constants could manifest itself in physics anomalies might induce merciful feelings also in the readers who identify themselves as serious scientists.

  1. The evidence for Bohr quantization of planetary orbits can be interpreted in terms of a huge value of heff= GMm/v0, where M and m are the masses of, say, Sun and planet (for Nottale's orginal paper explaining quantization hydrodynamically see astro-ph/0310036). The ruler-compass hypothesis means very strong constraints on the ratios of planetary masses satisfied with an accuracy of 3 per cent and also on solar mass satisfied if the fraction of non-dark matter is around 4 per cent. A dramatic prediction is that in this phase the value of na is gigantic meaning that dark matter obeys spatial symmetry corresponding to either the cyclic group Zna or group obtained by adding planar reflection to it. Ring like structures of dark matter analogous to ring like structures analogous to benzene ring in chemistry perhaps assignable to planetary orbits suggest themselves (see this).

    An even more dramatic prediction is that the scaling of CP2 metric by na means that it has astrophical size so that in dark sector imbedding space looks like uncompactified M8 in human length scales! But this is dark sector and since the mass spectra of elementary particles do not depend at all on the values of Planck constants no obvious contradictions with observations are predicted! Contrary to what super string model suggest, big hyper-space dimensions would not be seen in particle accelerators but in astrophysics.

  2. Hierarchy of scaled variants of atomic physics
  3. The binding energy scale of hydrogen atom is proportional to 1/heff2= (nb/na)2 so that a fractionization of occurs.

    1. The findings of Mills about fractionization of energy spectrum of hydrogen atom (hydrino atom) with scaling factor k=2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10 can be understood for k= nb/na. For some time ago I constructed a model for hydrino using q-Laquerre equation and predicting k=2 as a new state. Also k> 2 result approximately. It seems that these states could serve as intermediate states in the transition to a phase with modified Planck constants. In this case effective Planck constant is smaller than its standard value and the sizes of hydrino atoms are smaller. Also zoomed up versions of ordinary atoms with identical chemical properties but sizes scaled up by na=nb are predicted.

    2. Exotic atoms with increased sizes and reduced binding energy scale are predicted and the integers nF are especially interesting. Atomic nucleus can be or ordinary and one obtains N-atoms by putting electron on several sheets of na-fold covering of CP2. This leads to a model for hydrogen bonds and active catalyst sites and for how symbolic level emerges in bio-chemistry. It is also possible that only the valence electrons of ordinary atom are in dark phase (live at different branch of generalized imbedding space) so that only these electronic orbitals are scaled up. This could make possible anomalous conductivity and even super-conductivity.

      For instance, the 5- and 6-rings characteristic for the fundamental bio-molecules (sugars, DNA, important neurotransmitters including those containing four aminoacids having 5- and 6-cycles, hallucinogens) could correspond to na= 5 or 6 for free electron pairs characterizing these rings. The mysterious conductivity of DNA (Science (1997), vol. 275, 7. March 1997) could be understood in terms of the delocalization of the aromatic electron pairs associated with the 5- and 6-rings due to na2 fold scaling of the orbitals making possible overlap between the rings in the DNA ladder (see this).

    3. The weird looking properties of graphene (in particular its high conductivity) forming hexagonal carbon atom lattice of thickness of single atom could be understood if one has na=nb=6 for the free electron pairs assignable to Carbon rings. TGD based model for particle massivation implying that conformal weight and thus mass squared is additive for hadron type bound states of partons can also explain neatly why conduction electrons behave as massless particles. The mass of bound state parton is m2- pT2 and transverse momentum squared pT2 can compensate the mass of quark/electron completely. This could also explain why massive quarks seem to behave as massless particles inside hadrons. TGD also predicts that warped vacuum imbedding without gravitational fields can induce anomalous time dilation and large reduction of effective light velocity: this could explain why light velocity for these electrons is c/300 (see this).

  4. Anomalous properties of water

    The anomalous properties of water, in particular the chemical formula H1.5O suggesting itself in attosecond scale, provided first challenge for the proposed model of dark matter (see this). Tedrahedral and icosahedral clusters are characteristic for water and the corresponding subgroups of SU(2) correspond to the exceptional Lie groups E6 and E8 via ADE correspondence: these are the only genuinely 3-dimensional discrete subgroups of SU(2). The value of Planck constant would be scaled up by a factor na=3 or 5 for these sub-groups and na=5 is the minimal value making possible topological quantum computation using braid S-matrix. Icosahedral and dual odecahedral structures are abundant in living matter: viruses being only one example.

  5. Mono-atomic elements

    Mono-atomic elements or ORMEs (see this) are transition elements claimed by Hudson to have strange properties. They are claimed to be non-visible in ordinary emission spectroscopy but become visible after a time which is 90 s instead of 15 seconds for ordinary elements in typical case. The ratio of times is 6 and Golden rules suggests that one has na=6 at least for valence electrons. Chemistry would not be affected if one has nb=6 too. The atomic clusters are predicted to have hexagonal symmetry. The other strange properties of these compounds such as claimed super-conductivity suggest that also the phase with nb=1 is present as indeed required by the general scenario for phase transitions changing the values of Planck constants as a leakage between different sectors of the imbedding space.

  6. Dark EEG hierarchy

    In dark phase the energy associated with a photon of given frequency is scaled up by a factor na. If na is large enough, even EEG photons can have energies above thermal energy. The finding that ELF photons with frequences which are harmonics of cyclotron frequencies for biologically important ions have effects on vertebrate brain supports this idea. This observation leads to a model for a fractal hierarchy of EEGs based on the assumption that the integers na=211k are especially favored: the motivation is that 212 corresponds to a fundamental dimensionless constant in TGD. Even individual narrow peaks in beta and theta bands are predicted correctly (see this).

The chapter Does TGD Predict the Spectrum of Planck Constants? of "Towards S-matrix" explains in detail the recent view about the quantization of Planck constants.

3 comments:

Mahndisa S. Rigmaiden said...

10 10 06

Hello Matti:
What a great post. I will have more to say later on, but one of your links is broken. It is the link where you are to tie in benzene rings to planetary orbits. I am quite curious about this analogy, as I studied some properties of ring structures in chemistry this summer, a bit. It would be very interesting to tie this into the padic universe as well, so I await your fixing the link!

BTW, it takes a great mind to admit his errors. You are doing well:)

Mahndisa S. Rigmaiden said...

10 10 06

OK Matti:
I read your PDF file where you discuss these issues in depth. The thought that Josephson currents are induced en vivo and can be related to consciousness in some fashion is very, very intriguing. Regarding DNA, interestingly enough not only was another DNA structure found thsi year, braid topology has been used to formally describe DNA strands. I wonder how one could tie in the braid topology, fractional calculus to discuss the conductivity of DNA as well. Good post.

Matti Pitkänen said...

Dear Mahndisa,

thank you for telling about the broken link. It should work now.

The algebraic extensions of p-adic numbers correspond to a hierarchy of increasingly refined cognitive representations and hierarchy of Jones inclusions (coverings of imbedding space characterized by subgroups of SU(2)of SL(2,C) of SU(2) of SU(3) defining dark matter hierarchy and hierarchy of Planck constants. There is probably a close correlation between these hierarchies because both correspond to hierarchies of consciousness.


DNA 5- and 6-cycles would represent the lowest levels above ordinary matter in this hierarchy.

Matti